Co-author Irina Rotenko
Multi-breeding in a wolf pack is without doubt one of the enigmatic questions of the gray wolf replica. After we started to analyze the wolf replica in Belarus (primarily in Naliboki Forest and Paazierre Forest) in particulars, we discovered the phenomenon of a pack multi-breeding.
Until 2019 we gained kind of detailed details about denning of 59 wolf breeding teams (i.e. pair or a fancy breeding group that consists of two breeding females and grownup male, a minimum of) in Paazierre Forest within the northern Belarus and in Naliboki Forest within the central-western Belarus. Additionally, an post-mortem of all wolves from 9 entire packs, which had been killed in March-early April in 1997-1999 in Paazierre Forest, was fulfilled. So, the revealed phenomenon of a pack multi-breeding was proved by each looking for wolf dens (19 circumstances of a pack multi-breeding had been discovered) and wolf carcass supplies (2 circumstances of a pack multi-breeding had been discovered).
In 17 circumstances there have been primarily double-breeding (i.e. there have been two breeding females in a fancy breeding group), and in two circumstances we discovered triple-breeding (Sidorovich & Rotenko, 2019). So, until 2019 we revealed 19 circumstances of the phenomenon, and 17 out of the 19 circumstances had been registered within the circumstances of a low density of the entire wolf inhabitants (i.e. dwelling not solely in Naliboki Forest or Paazierre Forest however within the bigger area, which included these forest massifs). As to meals base at breeding, in 12 circumstances the prey inventory was poor or average, and solely in 7 circumstances the meals base was wealthy. From these outcomes we concluded that the phenomenon of pack multi-breeding is a density-dependent replica regulation in wolves (Sidorovich & Rotenko, 2019). Additionally, we steered that richness of prey inventory shouldn’t be a key issue that circumstances multi-breeding in wolf packs.
Wolf pups from two completely different litters, which had been located on the distance of a number of hundred metres. Each litters in the intervening time we found them consisted of larger and smaller pups, as a result of moms took pups from one another.
The gained knowledge means that until 2019 a pack multi-breeding occurred in 32% of circumstances (denning data) or 22% of circumstances (carcass data). On the similar time, we guessed that we might underestimate these values, as a result of a few of the circumstances of pack multi-breeding couldn’t be revealed particularly earlier than 2015. Within the case of denning knowledge not all dens might be discovered, whereas regarding the carcass supplies not all members of these 9 packs might be killed.
Since 2015 in Naliboki Forest now we have studied on a pack multi-breeding in wolves with sufficient accuracy by investing big efforts and realizing rather a lot about wolf breeding behaviour in that forested terrain. In complete, throughout 9 years (2015-2023) we traced 24 wolf breeding teams (11 pairs and 13 advanced breeding teams). Throughout these 9 years we investigated 38 breeding tales in particulars. There have been found 11 dens with pups of breeding pairs. Regarding a pack multi-breeding, we discovered 12 circumstances of double-breeding and one triple-breeding in a fancy breeding group. Thus, in 2015-2023 in Naliboki Forest a pack multi-breeding gave the impression to be actually widespread, and it occurred in 54% of the studied circumstances. So, pack multi-breeding obtained commoner than breeding in pairs there. It’s also worthwhile to note that in the entire this era (2015-2023) the wolf inhabitants density in the entire massive area was primarily low, whereas meals base for wolves in Naliboki Forest was average (extra crimson deer, however markedly fewer beavers and roe deer than it’s was once).
Right here we additionally wish to state that wolf-dog hybridisation in Naliboki Forest and the entire Belarus may be not accountable for the revealed phenomenon of a pack multi-breeding in wolves, as a result of we discovered this breeding peculiarity in wolves (i.e. a pack multi-breeding; 6 circumstances within the denning knowledge and a pair of circumstances in carcass supplies) earlier than the hybridisation started. At the moment wolves in Belarus had been genetically unpolluted by stray canines. Within the early 2000s we sampled many wolves in Belarus (in Paazierre Forest and Naliboki Forest inclusively) for a genetic examine, and none of those wolves confirmed even a canine ancestry (Stronen et al., 2013). Possibly the on-going wolf-dog hybridisation circumstances by some means a pack multi-breeding, however positively it isn’t the preliminary trigger. Nevertheless, it’s nonetheless a query to analyze.
In the entire, the phenomenon of a pack multi-breeding in gray wolves in Eurasia is a “golden mine” for a researcher of the species. Nonetheless there are such a lot of urgent questions in that. How such advanced breeding teams are fashioned? What’s a blood relationship between breeding females in a fancy breeding group? Are they both mom and daughter or sisters or non-relative subordinated females? Why in some advanced breeding teams there are two and even three massive males, who reveal unbiased and concurrently peaceable behaviour to one another and the way that peculiarity connects with a management (male or feminine) in a fancy breeding group? Which elements decide the space between completely different litters in a fancy breeding group and why it varies a lot from a number of hundred metres until a number of kilometres and adjustments continuously? Why do moms attempt to steal pups from one another? What’s an order of looking and feeding pups in a fancy breeding group? This checklist of questions might be continued.
Truly, the deeper we discovered the main points of a pack multi-breeding in gray wolves, the extra it seemed like a large number with out a sturdy consistency. Breeding tales had been so distinctive. Nevertheless, sooner or later now we have realised that the primary consistency in that breeding mess is to supply doable most of offspring in any respect prices. Apparently, was it evolutionary fashioned or did it seem secondary as a demography adaptation to the extreme long-term persecution by human beings?
Lastly, one hardball query we wish to increase. In line with our present thought, a pack multi-breeding in gray wolves, maybe, occurs all over the place in Europe and Asia, however merely it nonetheless unknown. To seek out out this breeding phenomenon, long-term big efforts needs to be invested in the identical well-known terrain by a sensible manner. Possibly we’re improper, however nonetheless we hardly know another such detailed examine on breeding in gray wolves in Europe or Asia that might be ready really to disclose this phenomenon of a pack multi-breeding detailed sufficient. Maybe, that was simply missed resulting from not sufficient focus on this query and inadequate efforts and expertise. What do you concentrate on?
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