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Footnotes
[1] See e.g., Charles Choi, “The Brontosaurus Is Again”, Scientific American, 7/iv/2015. Additionally Forsman (2015).
[2] https://nhmu.utah.edu/articles/2023/05/how-we-came-see-dinosaurs-color
[3] https://information.mit.edu/2020/study-timing-dinosaurs-evolution-0729
[4] Buckland (1824, 390, 392). Buckland offers partial credit score for the title to William Conybeare (1787–1857). The title Megalosaurus was first recommended by James Parkinson (1755–1824). Parkinson (1822, 298). Cf. Paul (1988, 281).
[5] Even flying pterosaurs, of which stays had been discovered since late 1700’s, had been initially thought-about to be marine animals due it being thought-about extra seemingly for unknown species to reside within the ocean depths. See Collini (1784). Cf. Taquet & Padian (2004); Osi, Prondavai & Géczy (2010).
[6] McGowan (2001, 88). On the time, the predominant scientific view was that animals don’t go extinct as it might be towards the nice chain of being, through which all created beings are in good concord. Extinction would trigger lacking hyperlinks in that chain and be towards the pure order. Cuvier was one of many earliest supporters of extinction idea however was met with opposition all through his life. Certainly one of his opponents was Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) who thought that as a substitute of going extinct, species evolve into different species over time, which Cuvier opposed. Darwin’s idea of pure choice then defined that extinction and evolution may very well be mutually inclusive.
[7] Ibid, 9. Anning was excluded exterior of the educational analysis of her time attributable to her gender, regardless that she was sometimes extra deeply acquainted with the fossil findings she had made than the teachers who revealed analysis papers on them, usually with out even mentioning her title. See ibid, 11–27.
[8] Ibid, 10. Although he spent most of his analysis life amongst fossilized stays, Buckland himself was not one. He’s described as a vigorous and entertaining lecturer, all of a sudden dashing in the direction of his college students waving a hyena cranium and shouting “What guidelines the world?” (The reply Buckland was anticipating was “the abdomen, sir”.) Ibid, 29.
[9] Mantell (1827, 67).
[10] Paus. 5.13; Hdt. 1.68. See Mayor (2000, chapter 3).
[11] See McGowan (2001, 1); Prothero (2019, 3); for an in depth take a look at early fossils, see Spalding and Sarjeant (2012).
[12] Ashmolean is the oldest public museum on the planet, established in 1677 in Oxford to accommodate gadgets donated for the college by Elias Ashmole, together with the stuffed physique of the final dodo seen in Europe. At the moment, the dodo, in addition to the stays that Buckland named Megalosaurus, are exhibited on the Oxford College Museum of Pure Historical past. Evidently gaining enough funding in academia was simply as troublesome within the 1600s as it’s as we speak, and it’s potential that Plot labored concurrently as a professor and as a curator because the fee from every was not sufficient to assist him.
[13] Plot (1677, 132).
[14] Ibid, 133.
[15] Ibid, 133–136.
[16] Ibid, 138.
[17] Though a system shut to what’s now generally known as bionomial nomenclature was already developed by Swiss brothers Johann (1541–1613) and Gaspard (1560–1624) Bauhin for botanical work round a century earlier, Linnaeus was the primary to systematically use a binomial taxonomy in his ebook Systema Naturae (1st ed. 1736, tenth ed. 1758). For this, Linnaeus continues to be generally known as the “father of contemporary taxonomy.”
[18] Brookes (1763, 317–318). As an fascinating facet observe, whereas the Cornwell fossil appears to have been the primary dinosaur discovery to be described, it was not the primary huge fossil found in England. Plot refers to 2 giant enamel present in Essex in the course of the reign of Richard I (1157–1199), and lists a number of different outsized bones and enamel present in varied elements of England (Plot 1677, 134–135). One such discovery was made in 1666 in London, when upon flattening the St. Mary Woolchurch, which had been broken within the Nice Hearth of London, a thigh-bone “a lot greater and longer than ours of stone may in proportion be, had it been complete” was discovered (ibid, 135; cf. Brookes 1763, 318). Plot took this as extra proof that these had been human stays since “how Elephants ought to come to be buried in Church buildings is a query not simply answered, besides we are going to run to so groundless a shift, as to say, that presumably the Elephants could be there buried earlier than Christianity flourished in Britan and that these Church buildings had been afterward casually constructed over them” (Plot 1677, 315). Plot is clearly mocking, but he was nearer to the reality than he even realized. See additionally Sam Kriss, “Jurassic Lark”, First Issues, iii/2023.
[19] Brookes (1763, 317).
[20] Ibid. See Rieppel (2022, 941). Norman (1992, 173–174) calls it an “editorial error”.
[21] Robinet (1768, 31). See additionally Buffetaut (1979) and Rieppel (2022).
[22] Ibid. 19–20, Pl. 1, fig. 1. See Buffetaut (1979, 82).
[23] Robinet (1766), 209–210; 1768, 31. See Rieppel (2022, 942, 945).
[24] Although regardless of Delair and Sarjeant’s (2002, 186) declare, Robinet didn’t contemplate the fossil to really be a scrotum.
[25] See esp. Rieppel (2022, 944).
[26] Phillips (1871, 164). Cf. Delair & Sarjeant (1975, 8); Rieppel (2022, 941).
[27] Halstead (1970)
[28] Ibid.
[29] Delair & Sarjeant (1975, 8).
[30] Halstead & Sarjeant (1993).
[31] Brookes (1763, 318).
[32] Halstead & Sarjeant (1993). See additionally Delair & Sarjeant (2002); Spalding & Sarjeant (2012, 10); Prothero (2019, 6–7).
[33] See e.g., Molnar, Kurnzanov & Dong (1990, 192) who record Scrotum humanum as a doubtful but distinct carnosaur.
[34] Rieppel (2022, 945); Mortimer, Mickey, “‘Scrotum humanum’ a torvosaur and Jurassic Chinese language theropod updates”, The Theropod Database, 9/i/2023.
[35] See e.g., Paul (1988, 280–281). For extra on taxonomic precedence regarding the notorious Brontosaurus vs. Apatosaurus case, see Forsman (2015). Scientific rigidity nearly got here to chew paleontologists on the bottom when in 2000 it was confirmed that Tyrannosaurus rex, one of the acknowledged and beloved dinosaur species, had already been named Manospondylus gigas by Cope in 1892, a full 13 years earlier than Cope named it the “King Tyrant Lizard.” See Larson (2008, 37–38, 50); Prothero (2019, 224). Cf. Osborn (1905); (1916). As an alternative of following precedence, most referred to the modified ICZN ruling from 1st of January 2000, stating {that a} title that has been thought-about legitimate for 50 years can’t be changed by a reputation that has been thought-about invalid throughout the identical time, and rapidly modified the topic. Mike Taylor, “So why hasn’t Tyrannosaurus been renamed Manospondylus”, Miketaylor.org, 27/viii/2002; Matt Martyniuk, “What’s a Nomen Oblitum? Not What You Most likely Assume”, DinoGoss, 5/ix/2010. On the time of writing, no-one seems to have made an official software for shielding the T. rex title and the case appears to have been shoved below a rug.
[36] Delair & Serjeant (1975, 8); Rieppel (2022, 941); Mortimer (2023). The fossil can’t be the kind species T. tanneri as it’s from the later Callovian stage of the Jurassic. Megalosaurus and its clade Megalosauridae have although been handled as form of a “wastebasket” for partial descriptions and unidentified mid-size theropod dinosaur discoveries. As such Megalosaurus has at one level or one other included lots of of sub-species from 5 totally different continents, spanning 100 million years, with a number of of those sub-species been granted their very own genus (together with Carcharodontosaurus and Dilophosaurus). See Paul (1988, 281–282); Prothero (2019, 13).
[37] Llhuyd 1699, pl. 16. Reproduced in Delair & Sarjeant 2002, 186–187. Cf. Delair & Sarjeant 1975, 8.
[38] For a list of those early fossils, pre-dating Buckland’s Megalosaurus specimen, see Delair & Sarjeant 1975, 8–12; 2002, 186–192. Cf. Spalding & Sarjeant 2012, 11–13; Prothero 2019, 5.
[39] See Osborn & Mook 1921, 279; Carpenter 2006, 134; Woodroff & Foster 2014. See additionally Forsman 2015. Because of the fossil materials being misplaced, most of Cope’s dimension estimates, which might have positioned Amphicoelias the biggest vertebrate that has ever existed, have been discarded as exaggerations. In 2018, A. fragillimus was renamed Maraapunisaurus fragillimus attributable to taxonomic relocation (Carpenter 2018), rekindling new dimension estimates inserting it once more among the many largest recognized sauropods. See Paul (2019).
[40] Prothero (2019, 207–208).
[41] “Cease Saying That There Are Too Many Sauropod Dinosaurs”, TetZoo 17/iv/2020. Cf. Prothero (2019, 109–111).
[42] See Naish (2012); (2018). Cf. Ford, “A prehistoric revolution”, Laboratory Information, 3/iv/2012; 2018. My favourite a part of Naish’s reply is the next: “Ford particularly said that the tails of enormous dinosaurs had been too heavy to allow terrestrial life. Nevertheless, geometrical modelling carried out by dinosaur specialists and utilising strategies considerably extra rigorous than Ford’s strategy of dunking toy dinosaurs in water most positively doesn’t discover even probably the most substantial, most muscular dinosaurian tail to current any drawback as goes terrestrial locomotion” (Naish 2012, 32).
[43] “Robert Plot’s Misplaced Dinosaur Bone”, TetZoo, 16/xii/2022.
[44] Plot (1677, 131).
[45] Ibid, 131–132.
[46] “Robert Plot’s Misplaced Dinosaur Bone”, TetZoo, 16/xii/2022.
[47] The Cornwell fossil just isn’t the one instance right here: an enormous neogenic salamander Andrias scheuchzeri was initially described as Homo diluvia testis (“Human who witnessed the Flood”) by Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672–1733) in 1726. See Prothero (2019, 4). Apparently, no-one appears to have argued for the precedence of the title, or claimed {that a} sure Pleistocene mammal must be renamed Orestes.
[48] “Robert Plot’s Misplaced Dinosaur Bone”, TetZoo, 16/xii/2022.