I Know Dino Podcast Present Notes: Eustreptospondylus (Episode 109)

In our 109th episode, we had the pleasure of talking with Dr. Eric Morschhauser, who obtained his PhD from the College of Pennsylvania underneath Peter Dodson. He’s an Assistant Professor on the Indiana College of Pennsylvania who has labored with early birds, theropods and lately basal neoceratopsians.

Episode 109 can also be about Eustreptospondylus, a megalosaurid that lived within the Center Jurassic in what’s now England.

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On this episode, we focus on:

• The dinosaur of the day: Eustreptospondylus
• Title means “true Streptospondylus” (Streptospondylus means “turned vertebra)
• Megalosaurid that lived within the Center Jurassic in what’s now England
• Fossil present in 1870, and at first was assigned to different genera
• In 1870 some employees discovered a theropod skeleton at Summertown Brick Pit, north of Oxford, England. James Parker, an area bookseller, acquired them after which confirmed them to John Phillips, an Oxford professor. Phillips described the fossils in 1871 however didn’t give them a reputation (on the time, it was probably the most full skeleton of a giant theropod discovered)
• Baron Franz Nopcsa reassigned the skeleton to Streptospondylus cuvieri in 1905-1906 (Richard Owen first described in 1842), based mostly on it being associated to the sort species Streptospondylus altdorfensis (sadly S. altdorfensis was named based mostly on very incomplete stays). Additionally Friedrich von Huene apparently typically referred to as the specimen Streptospondylus cuvieri and different instances Megalosaurus cuvieri
• Alick Donald Walker renamed it to a brand new genus in 1964: Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis
• Species title refers to Oxford
• Walker additionally named a second species, Eustreptospondylus divesensis in 1964, based mostly on a French discover. However in 1977 this was reclassified because the genus Piveteausaurus
• Eustreptospondylus is probably the most full giant theropod from Jurassic Europe (to date)
• Just one skeleton of Eustreptospondylus has been discovered to date
• In 2000, Oliver Rauhut discovered that there are solely minor variations within the hip bones between Eustreptospondylus and Magnosaurus (one other megalosaurid), and in 2003 he urged they need to be the identical genus, so Eustreptospondylus could be Magnosaurus oxoniensis (not everybody agrees)
• In 2010, Gregory Paul urged it was the identical as Streptospondylus altdorfensis
• Rudyard Sadleir revealed a contemporary description of Eustreptospondylus in 2008
• Discovered on an island, and lived when Europe was largely fabricated from islands, so it could have been in a position to swim (not everybody agrees, and a few assume it was simply swept out to sea when it died, as a substitute of swimming to an island earlier than it died)
• Holotype is of a fairly full skeleton, and might be a sub grownup
• In 1924 the holotype was ready and placed on exhibit, in an erect place (this was modified to a extra horizontal place within the early 2000s)
• Was once regarded as a dwarf species, however in 2000 David Martill and Darren Naish identified that it was a subadult, not a dwarf species (island dwarfism)
• Eustreptospondylus fossil discovered was of a juvenile, and Gregory Paul estimated in 1988 that it was 15.2 ft (4.63 m) lengthy and weighed about 481 lb (218 kg)
• Might doubtlessly develop as much as 29.5 ft (9 m) lengthy
• Had giant hind limbs and small forelimbs
• Had a pointed snout and huge horizontal nostrils
• Had a thick cranium, and tall, extensive jaws (no tooth discovered, however based mostly on the toothsockets it had an enlarged third tooth in its decrease jaw)
• Carnivorous, bipedal, and had a barely stiff tail
• Ate smaller dinosaurs and pterosaurs, and will have scavenged for fish, marine reptiles, and different dinosaurs
• Can see Eustreptospondylus in episode 3 of BBC’s Strolling with Dinosaurs (exhibits it swimming, additionally one is eaten by Liopleurodon whereas fishing, after which two of them eat a beached Liopleurodon)
• Additionally Eustreptospondylus is featured within the Primeval novel Hearth and Water
• Huxley named the household Megalosauridae in 1869
• It was a “wastebasket” group, which means it included a big number of unrelated species (Dryptosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Indosaurus, Velociraptor)
• Lived within the mid to late Jurassic about 170-148 Ma
• Lived in Europe, North America, South America, and Africa
• Cousins of spinosauridae
• Thomas R. Holtz provided an alternate group definition as all dinosaurs extra carefully associated to Megalosaurus than to Spinosaurus, Allosaurus, or fashionable birds
• They’re primative theropods; small to giant sized, with sharp tooth and had three claws on every hand
• Large predators are normally tougher to seek out than prey, so not a lot is thought about megalosaurs
• Enjoyable truth: The deepest dinosaur fossil discovery is at 2,256 meters (~1.4 miles). It’s a portion of a Plateosaurus from Norway that was found whereas drilling for oil and was additionally apparently the primary dinosaur present in Norway.

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For individuals who could favor studying, see under for the total transcript of our interview with Dr. Eric Morschhauser:

Garret: And now onto our interview with Dr. Eric Morschhauser. He obtained his PhD from the College of Pennsylvania underneath Peter Dodson and he’s now an assistant professor on the Indiana College of Pennsylvania, and he’s labored with early birds, theropods and most lately basal neoceratopsians. So do you could have a favourite dinosaur with all these totally different teams you’ve labored with?

Eric Morschhauser: Do I’ve a favourite dinosaur? It’s at all times—once more, I’m going to do that like everyone does, it’s at all times a tricky one. Truly although rising up and—not even rising up truly rising up as a paleontologist I ought to say, once I was an undergrad, I used to be just a little individuals actually interested by theropods, I’ve since reformed, however now I used to be actually interested by theropods and considered one of my favorites, it’s truly Deinnoychus.

Garret: That’s an excellent one.

Eric Morschhauser: And it’s considered one of my favorites due to the unique paper as a result of one of many very first scientific papers I learn was Ostrom’s Monograph of Deinonychus. I had gotten a duplicate, I don’t even know the way, however I purchased a duplicate of it, had it once I had little or no different like actual severe dinosaur materials not the variety of books, bookshelves that shall stay anonymous, however not the piles and piles that I’ve now, however I used to be on the primary ones I obtained, and it was actually attention-grabbing as a result of it was actually attention-grabbing to learn Ostrom strolling via the concept of what’s occurring functionally with the foot, what’s occurring functionally with the tail, as a result of everyone is aware of concerning the retractable claws, the elevated claws of dromaeosaurs now with thinker after Jurassic Park and the whole lot, however no one knew about it within the 60s and Ostrom was the primary—Deinonychus was the primary animal they actually discovered.

They’d a number of [inaudible 00:01:54] foot already, but it surely seems that the second toe was one of many phalanges that basically tells you what it was doing when the toe was damaged and the foot wasn’t fully propelled out, and you may see that within the unique papers from the unique Velociraptor paper again within the 20s and so Ostrom’s docs monograph, he’s actually simply form of pondering via that and speaking about that practical functionality and I assumed that was actually attention-grabbing. And it’s so attention-grabbing that it’s truly not solely considered one of my favourite dinosaurs, however the second failings of the pital [ph] digit is definitely considered one of my favourite in Deinonychus is considered one of my favourite bones.

Garret: Yeah.

Eric Morschhauser: As a result of that’s the precise bone that has the morphology that tells you, you’ve obtained one thing with considered one of these reportorial claws. So that you simply want to seek out that, you don’t even want the remainder of the animal. It might be like. “Oh I’ve obtained a theropod most likely but it surely’s a variance, we obtained one thing with considered one of these retractable toe claws.” And so I feel that’s actually cool. I feel it’s a kind of issues that’s actually attention-grabbing in paleontology and comparative anatomy is the kinds of inferences you may make typically with restricted proof. Generally you may’t, typically you do, however you shouldn’t.

Garret: Yeah.

Eric Morschhauser: Or no less than some individuals do and they need to, but it surely’s actually highly effective simply to have the option like in some situations, no, actually you may know lots about what’s occurring with an organism from a comparatively small piece.

Garret: Oh yeah. There was a latest assessment of some monitor methods in South, I feel it was in Southern China and there have been just a few theropod prints that had two toes, and so they’re like, “Properly there’s an excellent probability that’s some form of dromaeosaur, as a result of what else has two toe prints like these?” There are like, “There’s an opportunity that one simply washed away, however actually what are the percentages?”

Eric Morschhauser: Yeah, I feel that’s attention-grabbing and also you get this very distinctive morphology in locations.

Garret: Yeah, cool. So switching gears to neoceratopsians and since that’s your present bread and butter, so that you have been on the staff that described Archaeoceratops, did it’s important to go over to China to do all that work, or did you handle to do it from the US?

Eric Morschhauser: No, I spent a good period of time in China. So I truly wasn’t—I didn’t title all Archaeoceratops, that was earlier than I used to be concerned in ceratopsians, however once they named Archaeoceratops, [inaudible 00:04:23] and Peter Dodson and truly Mark Romano was on that paper who’s all the way down to Carnegie simply Southeast, he’s form of my neighbor now, not in a literal sense however no less than he’s not throughout the state anymore, however once they named all Archaeoceratops that they had a cranium and a mandible, and the factor for me that’s actually odd is that a lot of the world nonetheless thinks of Archaeoceratops as that cranium and mandible.

Quite a lot of years after that my Chinese language colleague Linda Chin, his area crew collaborating with various individuals, they discovered quite a few specimens on a barely totally different locality that’s solely about, I feel 100 kilometers away from the sort locality, they obtained a brand new locality and it was simply filled with Archaeoceratops, and so we put out just a little paper in 2012 Simply to form of flash out among the anatomy of Archaeoceratops utilizing a—simply describing one specimen and so they had one other, a unique cranium however nonetheless an honest cranium and partial submit skull, however we simply have a lot extra.

And so I form of—I really feel like if I hold strolling round till these papers come out, a lot of the world doesn’t know that the truth is Archaeoceratops is considered one of our—one of many dinosaurs we have now been—it’s up there most likely within the high ten or 20 finest represented dinosaurs, however no one is aware of that but so and that’s on me and I’m engaged on it, however yeah so I actually when it comes to opening up Archaeoceratops and actually describing its anatomy, and determining the entire animal, that’s form of the challenge that’s been occurring for some time, and so my contribution to Archaeoceratops to date.

Garret: Cool. So are all of them—there’s the one head principally from one a part of China and then you definately’ve obtained a complete group of them in one other spot and that’s to date all of the locations they’ve been found?

Eric Morschhauser: Yeah. I feel we solely have materials from these two, they’re in these two little structural basins however once more aren’t that removed from one another. This a part of China, the geology is just a little bit difficult when it comes to the precise biostratigraphy, they’re type of determining precisely the place in a specific set of rocks every specimen lies relative to one another, as a result of what occurred is principally lengthy earlier than India collided with Asia, you truly had some like island arcs, think about like one thing like Indonesia that was plowing into the South of Asia right now, squishing it as much as the North after which what that does on the edges, proper? When you’ve got one thing like ramming, in case you think about like a extremely unhealthy automotive accident, I don’t know, like one of many Batman’s motion pictures or one thing, you could have typically that one thing will get t-boned, proper?

The factor that’s getting hit type of bends across the half that’s coming in, that is principally what was taking place however with continents and so these little basins are getting torn open principally actually slowly and never almost as dramatic as Christian Bale in Batman, however they’re getting torn open and so that you’ve obtained these two basins which can be opening at almost the identical time, simply type of just a little bit separated from one another. So it will get actually arduous to hint rocks from one to the opposite and to get the relative dates.

Garret: [inaudible 00:07:52].

Eric Morschhauser: However anyway—so sure, in order that they’re from proper subsequent to one another and so far as we all know we haven’t discovered the true Archaeoceratops wherever else.

Garret: Attention-grabbing. In order that complete tearing aside was taking place in like the center of the continent in addition to farther in direction of the ends?

Eric Morschhauser: Yeah. Properly once more it’s important to do not forget that once more these items is becoming a member of basically Asia from the South, however there was no India there, proper? So you may take the whole lot from the border, from Nepal or South and that simply wasn’t there, proper? And so this stuff which can be becoming a member of Asia are—we’re assembly it up someplace in the course of the place the Tibetan Plateau is in the present day and once more you’ve obtained quite a few little issues that type of—I just like the time period for it, when you could have issues begin to be part of a continent, a geologic time period referred to as docking.

And so that you had—we had—there was some stuff docking within the Cretaceous and that’s partly why we have now these a few of these sedimentary basins in Western China from the early Cretaceous. So that you get Archaeoceratops from there, there’s been [inaudible 00:09:00], I feel [inaudible 00:09:02] is from one other considered one of these basins, just a little bit additional to the East and in order that’s the way you get some of these items that’s in Western China. However sure a whole lot of Archaeoceratops is simply present in these two little localities which can be roughly two hours from the closest substantial set of them.

Garret: Yeah. I checked out a 360 diploma image from a kind of basins and it seemed similar to the Gobi Desert, is that within the Gobi Desert?

Eric Morschhauser: It’s within the Gobi. We’re within the Western Gobi, so [inaudible 00:09:33] known as the Trans-Altai Gobi; since you get the Jap Gobi which is the place say like the unique Cetakasaurus [ph] locality is Jap Gobi. I feel the Chinese language kind or Cretaceous pink beds the place you’re getting Protoceratops, Hellenic Helaines in addition to various different issues actually much like stuff that we type of consider as basic Mongolian.

Garret: Yeah.

Eric Morschhauser: Type of late Cretaceous dinosaur honus [ph], these are type of extra Jap Gobi the place you get these large basins and never as many mountains in between. And also you get into the Western Gobi and the basins begin to get chopped up and truly among the different basic Mongolian stuff can also be within the Trans Altai Gobi, so issues popping out of the marked basin like Tarbosaurus or Saurolophus which can be coming from Mongolia, these are all additionally on this Trans-Altai Gobi, they’ll trigger there lots later in time.

Garret: Cool. So is there a whole lot of variations when it’s important to go a pair 100 miles for a Ceratopsians or do it’s important to go between Asia and North America earlier than you begin to see large variations or are there not even important variations wherever?

Eric Morschhauser: Properly it partly is determined by what pattern sizes you get, so once more the Archaeoceratops, we’ve obtained one cranium from one basin and a couple of dozen good skulls and 70 or 80 people from the opposite basin. However with that being stated, it’s like what’s the variation you’re going to see, issues which can be roughly contemporaneous.

I wouldn’t essentially anticipate lots however I really feel like in a whole lot of these locations time is extra vital than distance if you’re speaking about issues which can be only some 100 kilometers aside. So that you’ve obtained Archaeoceratops there, Archaeoceratops got here from the identical basin as the unique Archaeoceratops cranium. It’s just a little bit totally different place within the part and also you’ve obtained a unique early horned dinosaur there.

Garret: Okay. So it’s inside a few 100 kilometers there isn’t an excessive amount of of a distinction, you’ve obtained to go just a little bit additional?

Eric Morschhauser: Yeah. I feel so. Once more it’s arduous as a result of once more our document, you may pattern place A and place B, however you’ve obtained to be sure to’re sampling on the similar time.

Garret: Yeah.

Eric Morschhauser: Only a brief distance within the rock data like, “Oh I’m like 4 meters, 5 meters above,” properly if rocks are being deposited quick, that’s not an enormous deal, if rocks are being deposited slowly it’s like, “Oh yeah, I’m like half one million years later, or one million years later.” I at all times inform those that one of many issues about working within the Cretaceous is I’ve bother with actually brief intervals of time. Like the whole size of human historical past or the plasticine, it’s like individuals get all enthusiastic about plasticine [inaudible 00:12:27] tigers and I’m like, “Yeah, it’s actually attention-grabbing what occurred yesterday.”

Garret: Yeah.

Eric Morschhauser: As a result of it’s like within the Cretaceous it’s arduous to resolve time scales lower than 1 / 4 of one million years.

Garret: Yeah.

Eric Morschhauser: It is determined by how good your rock document is. North America I’m positive we might most likely get higher resolutions there. In case you’re actually cautious along with your stratigraphy, the stratigraphy isn’t as properly resolved in my a part of the world, so we’re engaged on attempting to make that higher, however it may be troublesome to attempt to discover issues we are able to truly pin down your dates.

Garret: Yeah, what do you utilize, I’ve seen some issues the place they use like marine fossils that have been solely round for a extremely brief time period, what different issues might you do to attempt to slender that down?

Eric Morschhauser: Yeah, so marine beds are actually nice and that’s most likely one one of the best issues. That’s one of many the explanation why I say, it’s simpler to do in North America due to course we had that large Cretaceous seaway and it was transgressing, it was regressing, it was getting wider and shallower and so all your—you’ve obtained all your dinosaur bearing beds, and also you’ve obtained these large tongues of marine fossils after which you may correlate these, the marine animals usually at a lot bigger geographic ranges once they’re alive no less than a few of them.

And so it turns into very easy to correlate a rock in Montana that permit’s say, don’t have volcanic ash foam, so you may’t radiometrically date it, such as you get a quantity, however you may correlate it via these marine organisms to a rock in Italy the place you do have ashes or a rock in China the place you could have ashes, and one of many issues we don’t have in Western China is we don’t have a whole lot of datable ash beds, and we don’t have a whole lot of these marine intratongues, and so we’re attempting to make use of the ashes and volcanic beds that we have now as finest we are able to.

And the opposite issues you should utilize, some individuals use pollen. You possibly can look, strive, and nail down plant evolution and type of use that, you should utilize oyster playing cards that are these little crustaceans which the oyster card you will get recent water in lakes and issues. So individuals use these for biostratigraming once they can’t get marine sediments. The opposite factor that we’re engaged on is we’re engaged on utilizing carbon isotopes to do it.

Garret: Oh actually?

Eric Morschhauser: Yeah, as a result of there are no less than a few occasions because the carbon isotopes, they get integrated into natural materials, additionally they get integrated into calcium carbonate, they’re getting integrated within the minerals, and so they’re getting pulled out of the environment, they work together with the worldwide carbon cycle. So in case you have instances if you’re burying a number of carbon someplace like within the marine realm, you possibly have an enormous marine, extinction or marine an oxic occasion the place a number of stuff is dying within the ocean and all that, carbon is simply falling into the underside of the ocean basin and getting buried, you mess with the proportion of various carbon isotopes within the international carbon cycle.

And so you may choose up on that in case you’ve obtained large enough occasions. And so we’ve been attempting to make use of that truly there’s a paper I’m co-author with—it’s actually Marina Suarez who’s on the College of Texas at San Antonio, she’s actually finished a whole lot of that work. And we took some samples from [inaudible 00:15:35] basin, from this basin in Western China, we’ve obtained Auroraceratops attempting to correlate it to different basins at Western China after which to the worldwide carbon cycle, this international carbon isotope document within the early Cretaceous simply once more to attempt to get the time frames and within the higher ballpark.

Garret: Okay. So that you’re not essentially form of typical carbon relationship the place you’re trying on the half lifetime of Carbon-14 or no matter, you’re trying on the ratios of various isotopes and attempting to correlate that to different identified locations?

Eric Morschhauser: Proper, precisely.

Garret: Okay.

Eric Morschhauser: So you bought—you will get these carbon isotope data secure—these are secure isotopes versus radioactive ones. It’s carbon…

Garret: Like 12?

Eric Morschhauser: 12 and 13 versus coping with Carbon-14 which is after all all decayed way back.

Garret: Yeah, that’s why I used to be shocked if you began speaking about carbon isotopes

Eric Morschhauser: Yeah, so these are secure ones, however once more crops type of preferentially will use Carbon-12 over Carbon-13, and so in case you begin burying a bunch of plant matter you begin to enrich the worldwide carbon swimming pools, and I actually hope I’m getting my numbers straight as a result of I’m not a geo chemists on the paper. However I feel crops, many crops are preferentially they use the Carbon-12 and so if you burry a bunch of lifeless plant materials and actually photosynthesizes generally, you bury a bunch of lifeless plant materials and then you definately begin to see these shifts, they get the whole—it’s the whole carbon cycle.

So there’s a number of issues that may have an effect on it. Folks use it as proxies for various various things not simply—we’re simply attempting to make use of it as, look there’s an occasion within the Carbon cycle and we are able to see that occasion in these rocks in say Italy, we are able to see this occasion in early Cretaceous rocks in Utah which is the place I do know Marina Suarez has finished a whole lot of work as properly, working with Jim Kirkland dates and at sequence in Jap Utah and we are able to have a look at it now in Western China.

Garret: That’s actually cool and it’s helpful that you simply don’t should care what’s inflicting these adjustments, you simply care that there was a change and you may see it in every single place.

Eric Morschhauser: Yeah and once more when it comes to the relationship, it’s like we’re simply in search of an occasion that seems to be reproducible in a bunch of rock sequences the place you may date it very well, it’s like, “Oh this occasion appears to be synchronous, roughly it seems to be international, now we are able to go to those rock sequences have a look at these locations we’re discovering dinosaurs or something actually, and say, “Okay, we are able to attempt to now line up these two data of the isotope adjustments and see if it matches in with any identified occasions.”

Garret: Cool.

Eric Morschhauser: Yeah, and it actually helps as a result of a few of these Asian localities particularly the place they’re removed from the ocean, we’re not getting even within the Cretaceous we’re not getting this marine affect, they’ve been extremely arduous up to now. And so the unique age on Archaeoceratops is 2 intervals within the Cretaceous [inaudible 00:18:32]. It’s a 25 million yr time period, so there was someplace on this 25 million yr window and we’ve obtained it all the way down to just a little bit higher in there, so which is nice.

Garret: So how do issues fossilize, like how do you get so many fossils in a spot the place there’s so little water as a result of from my layman’s understanding the best strategy to fossilize one thing is form of in a marine setting.

Eric Morschhauser: Within the marine setting it’s straightforward. In a whole lot of the issues we’re getting contrastual environments, they’re pretty moist and truly the current day panorama on the contrary it was a fairly properly watered place on the time of Archaeoceratops. So that is a part of Western China which is extremely dry in the present day, we’ve obtained the one factor that occurs, two issues occur in our area space in the present day. There’s a coal mine not too far-off in decrease within the sequence within the Jurassic rocks which can be there, and apparently we truly are excavating and prospecting throughout pasture land which I go searching in there’s actually simply not sufficient vegetation for it to wrap my thoughts round, but it surely’s camel pastures.

And so often will get up within the morning and so they’ll be camel footprints which can be over the whole tracks that got here within the evening earlier than or no matter, so we all know that the camels have been wandering round, I’ve by no means truly obtained to see them, they’re fairly skittish.

Garret: That’s actually humorous.

Eric Morschhauser: Yeah, I’ve seen proof of the shepherds too, they drive round in bikes. So we’ve obtained these like dust bike tracks as properly that once more from individuals and their bikes that we by no means see. However it’s actually dry now however there was—there are stream beds, there are river beds, there’s proof of considerable plant roots, we’ve obtained root casts throughout so when Archaeoceratops was there, it’s not as if it was doing a scrub or something, it was fairly properly watered and fairly humid or no less than considerably humid, humid sufficient for considerable crops.

It’s actually form of humorous I feel the rocks they’re buried in a really totally different than what I used to be used to working in once I was doing stuff in Montana, however a part of that’s if you’re trying on the rocks in Montana, you might be 30 miles, 40 miles, 50 miles from the mountains entrance within the Cretaceous. The complete basin that these Archaeoceratops are popping out of is simply about 30 kilometers throughout, and so the rocks look fully totally different as a result of they principally simply fell off the mountain and obtained carried down. And so it offers them a really totally different consistency however the environments truly most likely weren’t all that totally different besides that the streams are just a little bit smaller as a result of it’s a smaller catchment, smaller basin nearer to the supply, that type of factor.

However it was truly fairly moist time years we are able to inform and other people have type of interpreted there’s being a big lake within the basin I’m undecided, I haven’t seen any of the lake sediments in that basin I used to be in. In another basins properly yeah, there are like proof of massive lakes, issues that geologically they appear similar to fossil lake in Wyoming in case you keep in mind—in case you’ve heard of that one, that’s within the EC, however you get these actually laminated shells, and also you choose them aside, and you could find bugs and among the early birds from Western China are literally popping out of lake deposits which can be roughly contemporaneous to Archaeoceratops, simply a few basins over.

Garret: So what’s the basin that Archaeoceratops is in? It appears to be like like a river form of factor or are you able to inform us?

Eric Morschhauser: Yeah, so these rocks are all principally rivers and the deposits from flood plains adjoining to rivers.

Garret: Okay.

Eric Morschhauser: So the rivers are small for probably the most half, it’s not such as you get this large river deposit, it’s a meter, two meters throughout, you may truly—in some locations you may see the cross-section of the river channel that stuffed in as a result of the river is carrying coarser grain materials than the stuff round it, so that you’ve obtained these channels, you may even observe as a result of they’re just a little bit extra proof against erosion than the remainder of the panorama.

So a whole lot of instances you’ll have the channel simply form of there snaking throughout the Badlands and this little pillar of rock or the small hill beneath it that’s type of defending from being eroded away. You don’t discover too lots of the dinosaurs in these road bedrocks, no less than not the Archaeoceratops. This bone you discover in there tends to be fairly beat up, however they’re coming from that stuff that may have been the floodplain, it will have been subsequent to the river basin, adjoining to the river, in between the rivers.

Garret: Obtained you and then you definately don’t get all of the marine, I shouldn’t say marine, however you don’t get the freshwater, I don’t even know the best way to name them, freshwater fossils, I suppose as a result of it’s close to the supply of the river, so it’s doesn’t have a complete lot of life residing in it, is that form of the problem?

Eric Morschhauser: Properly, normally it’s extra of a preservation downside, proper?

Garret: Okay.

Eric Morschhauser: You consider the stuff that you’d discover, you’ve obtained issues residing in say a mountain stream. That is even a mountain stream, however think about that is some form of small stream that’s popping out of the mountains and also you’ve obtained stuff residing there. There’s going to be fish, there’s going to be most likely some form of crustaceans, one thing like a clay fish, there’s going to be bugs, however what do they get preserved in, proper? They’re sitting amongst rocks which can be bigger than they’re, proper? They’re sitting amongst pebbles and actually coarse grain stuff. It doesn’t actually protect small issues very properly, typically it does, you may typically get it in there, however normally issues don’t get preserved the place there’s that a lot vitality.

Garret: Obtained you.

Eric Morschhauser: If the stream can transfer fairly large rocks, it could transfer lifeless fish or lifeless bugs or elements of them actually simply, and so issues simply are likely to get mashed up. That’s why you’ve obtained these—that’s why individuals love these lake deposits as a result of the water is comparatively quiet on the market, and so that you get this actually high quality sediment coming down and that’s what may also help type of protect within the element of a few of these fossils, however you don’t typically get in additional coarse grain stuff.

Garret: Obtained you. Okay, that’s attention-grabbing.

Eric Morschhauser: Yeah, so yeah there you go. Dave Ricky could be proud now. He was considered one of my lecturers way back and so I’m speaking robust on me, [inaudible 00:24:57] please do that.

Garret: Cool. So talking of studying new issues I suppose, at SVP you introduced on the phylogenetics of neoceratopsia and also you had no less than 32 taxon [ph], how did you analyze so many alternative species and attempt to classify them?

Eric Morschhauser: Properly, the factor with a whole lot of these phylogeny is, proper is that you simply’re a part of it, you go and go to them, and that’s one of many enjoyable issues I take into consideration doing this kind of type of taxonomy and phylogenics work the place it’s like, “Okay, I’ve to determine—I need to work out the evolutionary relationships of those species. I’ve the descriptions, a whole lot of them are nice, among the revealed descriptions won’t be so nice or I would need to have a look at issues that simply aren’t within the figures, no one talked about, I’ve obtained to go see it.”

So that you get to go and journey. And so I used to be visiting early horned dinosaurs in Boltzmann Montana on the Museum of the Rockies and Canadian Museum of Nature and over in Poland and the issues in museums in China along with the animals I labored on within the area, animals and collections in China, so that you get to go and see a whole lot of these specimens. In order that’s fairly commonplace, but it surely’s a whole lot of enjoyable. However you go and also you additionally construct off of what different individuals have finished.

So my evaluation, I attempted to take all the totally different bushes and character matrices that folks have finished, early horned dinosaurs and produce as a lot of these characters collectively as I might. I additionally went via and other people haven’t—individuals write these prognosis of species, such as you’re describing a species, you attempt to discuss, “Properly listed here are all of the characters that make these species distinctive,” proper? If somebody finds a brand new species, “Oops,” among the issues that you simply thought have been distinctive and so they have been if you wrote it like that’s legitimately one thing nobody had ever seen earlier than.

Properly now we’ve obtained two issues with it and in case you wait lengthy sufficient typically it goes from being properly solely this species has it too, now the truth is these 15 species which can be all in considerably associated, all of them share this attribute. You virtually have to return then and say, “All proper, I need to determine that species, I’ve to put in writing a brand new prognosis, I’ve to put in writing this new description of no, that is what’s definitive on this explicit species.”

It’s vital work to do and it’s work that doesn’t get a whole lot of credit score many instances and so for early horned dinosaurs, it’s simply—we’ve simply been discovering so many within the final 16 years actually. You return, the primary actually horned dinosaur was Leptoceratops in 1913 after which there was—once more for not counting Protoceratops which I’ll form of ignore that Protoceratops and the whole lot up for proper now, however you’ve obtained Leptoceratops 1913, you’ve obtained Montanoceratops eventuality which is absolutely near Leptoceratops.

It was initially thrown in with Leptoceratops, however in 1951, there’s the actually stunning Leptoceratop specimens that they’ve within the Canadian Museum of Nature have been discovered and they also realized, “Oh this factor in Montana from the 2 medication formation is totally different than what we’re discovering within the later Cretaceous,” so this later Cretaceous Ceratops, the opposite one is Montanoceratops. Okay we’ve obtained two style now and it kind of stays that approach. You’ve obtained Stegosaurus bouncing round, and accumulating species and changing into the taxonomic mess that I don’t contact, however you’ve obtained a whole lot of Stegosaurus however in any other case you don’t get lots till the Nineties.

After which unexpectedly we’ve obtained Archaeoceratops exhibits up and we’ve obtained new specimens of Montanoceratops and I’m attempting to assume papers are alluding me now, but it surely begins to snowball within the 90s after which within the 2000s it begins going quicker and quicker and so we’ve obtained now—once more we’ve obtained tens of those early horned dinosaurs. However the final time anybody went via and truly went species by species, how can we diagnose these, was Peter Mark [inaudible 00:29:04], he did it in 2002 in his PhD, and it hasn’t actually been revealed independently of that as a result of once more I feel there’s simply not a whole lot of—you don’t get a whole lot of credit score for doing that type of factor.

Garret: Yeah.

Eric Morschhauser: It’s form of helpful technical work however you don’t get a whole lot of credit score. So for my PhD, what did I do? I did a whole lot of the identical factor and the tree that you simply noticed was form of the results of that the place I went via and I evaluated everyone’s characters together with all of the characters that outlined all these species by formally recording them for all the totally different specimens that I might get my fingers on or that I might examine within the literature, after which I assembled this new set of characters after which developed some—obtained a brand new tree out of that.

Garret: Cool. While you’re all these species have been there, wherever you checked out them and thought that considered one of them could be a juvenile of one other one like how Triceratops and Torosaurus are doubtlessly?

Eric Morschhauser: I attempt to assume there’s. Properly there was truly one simply again once I began. There was one which was revealed and I haven’t gotten an opportunity to go to the specimens, so it’s completely doable the publication isn’t consultant. However this animal revealed out of Russia and it’s a Mongolian specimen and it’s referred to as, Gobiceratops, and it’s extremely, the cranium is extremely small, which I imply sizes and the whole lot as Jack Horner would say, as John Kernel would say, as I might say, but it surely has actually giant orbits for its physique measurement.

It has a extremely brief snarl, it’s obtained a tooth rely that’s lots decrease than most different adults horned dinosaurs, it doesn’t have a frail, once more I name—I consider it like just a little golf ball with eyes, and it appears to be like lots like people which were recognized, these form of options, giant eyes, brief snarl, lack of frail, diminished tooth rely. You see that in a number of issues that nobody is absolutely arguing are juvenile members of different ceratopsian teams. So there’s the cute little Stegosaurus skulls which can be in New York, which can be on show within the [inaudible 00:31:18. I love that they’re out there.

Garret: Yeah those are great. Is that the one where they have a magnifying glass in front of one of them?

Eric Morschhauser: Right exactly. They’re just so small, Gobiceratops, the skull is supposedly an adult which the paper claims it as an adult, it’s just that small. So I think that one again, I haven’t seen it in person, so there’s still the chance that I’m wrong, I don’t think they really marshaled a lot of evidence in terms of the fact, the age of that specimen, but a lot of those features are a constellation of things that we see in juveniles. So there’s probably one or two species out there that may be juveniles of others. But at the same time a lot of them, a lot of these animals are coming from different, just different places in different places in the stratigraphic column.

I can think of Aquilops as one, it’s a North American horned dinosaur, it’s actually the oldest horned dinosaur from North America, was described back in 2014 I think. And Aquilops is great because you can go in 3D and print it. They’ve got the skull out, the data is free from on plus one, the paper is on plus one, you just go, you can get the 3D data for the skull and you could 3D print your own little Aquilops and I actually did because it’s great.

But the entire skull of Aquilops is only about five or six inches long and they admit in the paper that it’s like it’s possible but it’s a relatively young individual. It’s hard to age skulls in terms of we like to use histology, you like to look at—or micro-structured to do it, the features that we use work best on long bones.

Garret: Yeah.

Eric Morschhauser: You possibly can choose some tough inferences from cranium that’s actually arduous to get an actual stable age on a cranium no less than proper now, once more individuals might have a look at it extra and hopefully will be capable to however—in order that’s form of arduous as a result of you could have issues that it’s prefer it could be a juvenile but it surely’s nonetheless legitimate, it’s nonetheless its personal factor. So we’ll should see whether or not something get shaken up on the tree actually my evaluation don’t shake up a complete lot of issues however nothing, I haven’t discovered something controversial that different individuals haven’t thought of as controversial.

Garret: Okay. What do you consider Triceratops and Torosaurus when it comes to whether or not or not they’re distinct?

Eric Morschhauser: I feel it’s a extremely attention-grabbing thought and a extremely compelling thought, and I really need it to be proper. However I’m—and I feel there are a whole lot of specimens that I haven’t seen but, and so I’m form of ready for the opposite shoe to drop because it have been. I feel the argument that Nedoceratops isn’t one thing distinctive is nice and high quality, it’s a one thing. It’s most likely a Triceratops, it’s additionally an terrible lot of plaster which is a bit [inaudible 00:34:18], however a whole lot of outdated specimens persons are similar to, “Oh there’s a gap there, and so they put some plaster on that,” they need the helpful info on that a part of the fun. And I feel—so I feel among the options which were recognized are actually attention-grabbing.

And once more I feel it’s a really a lot alive speculation and an excellent speculation. I simply—I need these transitional ones, I need actually good definitive transitional particularly transitional types of the frail the place it’s not an incomplete like we’re simply sitting there and simply attempt to an open [inaudible 00:34:55] “Okay, good.” And so they’re small and there’s only a logic proof that they’re increasing and right here’s the pridol [ph] and it’s tied up with considered one of these transitional [inaudible 00:35:03] they discuss and I simply—I need all collectively and I need limbs which you can skinny sections and get histology off of the limbs which can be related to the heads which is the factor that Triceratops by no means offers you adequate of. It’s at all times—you virtually at all times like Triceratops postcranium related to skulls could be very nice. I do this or like everybody says it’s like a child Torosaurus or so simply one thing, one thing that offers us a pleasant let.

Garret: Perhaps simpler to seek out as a result of then you definately simply want the cranium.

Eric Morschhauser: It’s true. Actually you actually simply want the [inaudible 00:35:39].

Garret: Yeah, that’s true.

Eric Morschhauser: You may want some extra, however, yeah. So I suppose I’m within the camp that it’s like I really need extra proof as a result of it’s—I feel it makes a whole lot of sense however on the similar time it truly is considered one of these hypotheses that’s type of pushing our understanding of residing organisms as properly as a result of it form of goes in opposition to our common understanding of how a whole lot of residing organisms develop. These main adjustments in cranium structure which can be proposed within the Torosaurus is Triceratops speculation are taking place comparatively late in life.

Garret: Yeah.

Eric Morschhauser: And whereas they’re not like theoretically not possible, it’s not like this occurs in each organism that we see, we have now a whole lot of organism state which have this type of determinant progress the place it’s prefer it grows after which morphology stops altering in an enormous approach.

Garret: Yeah.

Eric Morschhauser: We could get some adjustments however you don’t have issues dramatically elongating these large cranial options late in life.

Garret: Yeah, large holes opening up within the cranium.

Eric Morschhauser: Proper. And so there’s a way by which prefer it’s—I feel it’s honest to be acutely aware and once more to be honest everybody goes out and goes and testing this, people from Yale have checked out cranial fusion, you’ve obtained people from Montana State and elsewhere are trying on the bone histology extra carefully to see is there proof of bone resolving large bone rising, is there truly proof within the skulls of this main reworking, and so I feel that’s good however all these checks now have to return again in, I feel.

So I’m a bit hesitant and once more it’s actually arduous as a result of it’s like properly the opposite factor is we have now to tell apart between our competing hypotheses of, is that this morphologically distinct factor a uncommon however totally different taxon which occurs, and somebody has or is it only a sure age stage of an current taxon and so I feel it’s arduous to tell apart that typically. You’re waffling, and principally saying that I feel it’s a extremely compelling speculation and I feel I’ve—however I feel the papers are out which can be constructing it piece by piece, however I feel there’s room nonetheless for warning in it.

Garret: Yeah.

Eric Morschhauser: So I feel they’ve actually finished that with the Psittacosaurus [ph], I feel there’s a greater case for among the Psittacosaurus that they’ve synonymized. However truly it’s attention-grabbing you level that out. One of many different issues I’ve been engaged on with Archaeoceratops, you’ve obtained juveniles and juveniles in a world of ceratops aren’t following the sample that’s form of been put ahead by Jack Warner, John [inaudible 00:38:28] Triceratops and ceratopsians and Dave Evans and his colleagues who’re duckbill dinosaurs and so they’re discovering is absolutely parallel patterns of, yeah, the juveniles have this distinctive morphology.

They typically have a bunch of traits that appear to be they belong in members from the bottom of the clad, type of primitive traits if I can use the time period and so they—these juveniles don’t have a look at all just like the adults and so it’s important to be actually cautious in case you utilizing juveniles in your—attempting to do your loved ones bushes and issues, as a result of they have an inclination to fall away from the adults in the identical species, Archaeoceratops doesn’t do this.

Garret: All proper.

Eric Morschhauser: I’ve obtained skulls which can be half the dimensions of the grownup and so they appear to be they’re younger, they’ve obtained these large orbits, they’ve obtained these brief snarls, however they’ve obtained a diminished tooth rely, no one makes use of these issues as phylogenetic characters as a result of everyone is aware of that skulls, vertebrates are born with these type of cute faces, they’ve obtained these large eyes and these brief snarls. And so no one makes use of these kinds of traits however all of the discrete characters which can be distinctive of Auroraceratops are current in these little skulls.

And so these juveniles are falling precisely with the adults and I feel what could be occurring there’s, I feel the work by Evans and Horner, they’re dinosaurs with these elaborate cranial constructions which can be additionally showing comparatively late in life, these type of presumably no matter their perform is, whether or not it’s species recognition or sexual choice, or some form of type of social function when it comes to figuring out who’s the dominant no matter in your explicit social grouping, however these all seem actually late whereas the traits that outline Archaeoceratops are literally largely within the decrease jaw and largely associated to chewing. And so that you’ve obtained this case the place it’s like that most likely doesn’t change.

Garret: Yeah.

Eric Morschhauser: And so these statements about properly you want a extremely grownup dinosaur to be sure to know what you could have, however these conditions the place you could have a type of want a extremely grownup dinosaur to know what you could have, that may solely be true in case your explicit group of dinosaurs is determined by these elaborate constructions to determine who’s associated to who, as a result of sauropods, it’s like, in case you had a sauropod with all types of loopy cranial horns and issues, you’d do not know, we might most likely have a complete clad of sauropods that had loopy cranial ornamentation and we wouldn’t understand it as a result of most of them aren’t identified from any heads.

And so I feel it’s attention-grabbing type of counterbalance that it’s like I feel they’re completely proper that it’s important to watch out relying on what your characters are that distinguishe your species.

Garret: Yeah, it is sensible and if it’s one thing practical like in case you have been arguing that Torosaurus wanted these additional blood vessels or no matter in its frail so as to thermal regulate, then you definately would say properly then it’s most likely not the identical as Triceratops as a result of it will have needed it when it was two thirds the dimensions as properly or one thing.

Eric Morschhauser: Yeah, or even when it was one thing you realize completely unrelated that needed to do with some one thing practical, attempting to assume in case you had radically totally different jaw mechanics between the 2 or one thing like that, the place it’s like, no it’s consuming, like you may’t have dietary shifts via progress. Herbivores have a tendency to do this much less then than different vertebrates no less than within the primary sense of they’re consuming crops and so they’re consuming crops versus issues like juvenile crocodilians what are they consuming? They’re consuming bugs, they’re consuming little fish like grownup crocodilians, what are they consuming? A few of them are consuming turtles.

Garret: Deer.

Eric Morschhauser: Proper. Turtles, deer, invasive pythons, you get these wider ranges. A few of them eat mollusks, you’ve obtained caymans and even truly American crocodiles will eat mollusks, once they’re adults they’ll simply throw them again on these uncommon tooth and crack the shells, so you will get these dietary shifts, but it surely’s much less seemingly that you simply’re going to have basically various kinds of consuming, you’re not going to be radically shifting muscle attachment factors round between juveniles and grownup’s.

So I feel that’s attention-grabbing that if you get to those type of much less spectacular dinosaurs, it won’t matter as a lot precisely what on a genetic stage you’re in, and once more all these limits on that as properly. Hatchlings, it is best to most likely by no means use hatchlings if that’s your solely specimen, and also you don’t know what the grownup appears to be like like as a result of they’re going to be actually totally different than the grownup.

Garret: Yeah. Talking of consuming, did you see the latest article by [inaudible 00:43:31] the place he was speaking about how ceratopsians might need had nostril balloons?

Eric Morschhauser: Sure I did.

Garret: What do you consider that?

Eric Morschhauser: I feel they should be doing one thing with their nasal cavities as a result of the ceratopsids, once more issues like Triceratops however all of it, centrosaurines as properly have these actually large, simply these huge, in some instances actually huge bony nostrils. There’s obtained to be one thing occurring there and also you actually can have huge bony nasal openings with a comparatively simple easy sheet of pores and skin protecting it and tiny little nostrils there, and also you’re nonetheless doing thrilling issues with that. You’re doing a number of thermal regulation, you may have all these blood vessels and also you’re dumping—it’s an excellent warmth dump for issues like Triceratops, grownup Triceratops or Torosaurus or no matter Torosaurus is, they’re large animals, they’re the dimensions of an elephant which [inaudible 00:44:34] considered them as brief being shorter, however they’re virtually as tall as an elephant on the shoulders.

Their [inaudible 00:44:40] are actually large animals which can be going to be producing a whole lot of warmth and so they’ve obtained to dump it someplace and positive they’ll dump it, they’ve obtained flails, they’ve obtained tails, they’ve obtained some issues you may dump warmth in, however the respiratory system is absolutely your finest strategy to dump warmth, so actually that’s occurring, however issues like Triceratops, it will get actually complicated. I’ve labored on some Triceratops however truly engaged on Triceratops course of specimen evaluation, I feel it’s the method specimen.

However the premaxilla, it’s been—the specimen I’m engaged on, it’s being described by considered one of my co-authors as yeah the Triceratops is type of a grenade. So it saved its associates with its skulls blown to items and the premaxilla round that nasal opening, it simply will get very complicated, it’s closely sculpted and there are all these excavations and when you could have simply little items of it, it may be actually disorienting as to precisely the place you might be on this one bone the place it’s just like the nostril and the sting of the mouth on each ends of its bone.

However once more these cavities and these constructions, it’s actually fairly superb. So the chance that you simply’ve obtained some form of elephant seal like proboscis or a snude or one thing like you could have of turkeys, proper,one thing that it might get engorged with blood or one thing like that, I feel it’s actually inside the realm of chance. We simply had Thanksgiving, have a look at a turkey. That’s from an asteological standpoint, that’s a fairly boring chook truly for probably the most half my favourite description now of Thanksgiving. Someplace I noticed a greeting someplace of, “Easy methods to have a contented day consuming your ugly dinosaur,” and I feel I’m going to do this sooner or later. However yeah I feel it’s actually one thing is feasible, however I don’t know why Triceratops, some like Triceratops would wish that with a frill and horns.

Garret: Yeah.

Eric Morschhauser: However it actually might have one thing not big and dramatic but it surely’s prefer it might have some form of inflatable nostril pouches or one thing like that, or it might simply all be blood vessels and a warmth dump and It appears to be like like how we at all times thought Triceratops seemed however functionally it’s nonetheless just a little bit cooler.

Garret: Yeah. It’s obtained like a radiator upfront like a automotive.

Eric Morschhauser: Precisely the place once more you get that large, you bought to place warmth someplace. I feel that’s one of many beauties of sauropods truly to modify taxon but once more is that it’s Iike so large, like we’ve obtained to get warmth someplace however then you definately’re like, “Oh wait, you bought a protracted skinny neck, that’s obtained a whole lot of floor space and you may dump some warmth there, you’ve obtained a protracted skinny tail, that’s some extra floor space, that’s good.” And so they’ve obtained their respiratory system weirdness. However anyway yeah dumping warmth some [inaudible 00:47:29] so if you get that large.

Garret: Cool. I feel I’m all out of questions, is there the rest that you simply need to add.

Eric Morschhauser: The opposite cool factor about Archaeoceratops is that we truly now know what these early horned dinosaurs appears to be like like, as a result of everyone else that’s round Archaeoceratops is simply heads and we now know truly what the physique of considered one of these early horned dinosaurs appears to be like like. It’s just a little bit extra portly than I used to be anticipating, not an excessive amount of but it surely’s not this lengthy skinny skinny physique, it’s truly a reasonably stocky little physique, nonetheless by [inaudible 00:48:10], nonetheless has your commonplace.

I really feel like there’s this type of commonplace extra environment friendly fingers that appear to be tiny little brief fingers mittens. However Archaeoceratops nonetheless has that however the physique is just a little bit shorter than we might essentially anticipate it. So it appears to be like like one thing that has form of a little bit of an enormous head for its physique measurement, not big however nonetheless a little bit of an enormous head. And once more I simply—I point out this as a result of you could have Stegosaurus and you’ve got lengthy and stuff additional down the tree and also you’ve obtained Leptoceratops however actually these are like actually removed from these animals which can be truly resulting in most ceratopsians. Leptoceratops contemporaneous with Triceratops, it’s being doing its personal factor for an excellent 40 million years. In order that’s the cool factor about Archaeoceratops, however I don’t know.

Garret: Nonetheless.

Eric Morschhauser: Yeah, it’s enjoyable, so I don’t know, I’m attempting to be a champion of boring dinosaurs, as a result of I really feel just like the little guys can truly nonetheless educate us lots.

Garret: So if individuals need to observe your work or see among the stuff you’re engaged on, is there wherever they’ll go to see it?

Eric Morschhauser: Properly in case you have some huge cash and you may fly, my colleague Linda Chin did some work with the Ganzhou Geological Museum in Lanzhou, China. And so you may go there and you may see some Archaeoceratops there. The Archaeoceratops are literally it’s actually humorous, if you wish to go and see an Archaeoceratops, if you will get to China, there’s a whole lot of totally different locations you may go and see Archaeoceratops, it’s type of attention-grabbing. They’ve form of gotten round from my colleague and so there’s—attempting to assume now, there’s one on show within the Paleontological Museum of the China College of the Geo sciences which is in Beijing.

I don’t assume the Museum will get a whole lot of foot visitors however there’s an Auroraceratop there in a glass case, there’s one unlabeled in Nanjing, I’m attempting to recollect the establishment that’s in now, however you may see them in Nanjing, there’s a specimen in Hangzhou which is a improbable pure historical past museum. Hangzhou is simply outdoors of Shanghai and so they’ve obtained the Hangzhou Museum of Pure Historical past which is a extremely first price museum, it’s obtained very nice services.

Garret: Is that one actually new?

Eric Morschhauser: It’s comparatively new, sure. It’s on this large cultural heart that they’ve inbuilt Hangzhou. It form of has an commentary tower that’s form of the sq. trying factor after which a semicircle of buildings and simply a part of that massive complicated is the Pure Historical past Museum.

Garret: Yeah that place appears to be like actually cool. I keep in mind I used to be attempting so as to add it to our map, we’ve a map of all these dinosaur museums, and I used to be satellite tv for pc photos as a result of I used to be attempting to make it possible for the tackle is true and that the latitude and longitude is understanding, and one image I discovered was only a city, after which you may inform the place the picture obtained up to date and it was like model new re-developed all kinds of massive fancy [inaudible 00:51:21], I used to be like, “One thing occurred right here, I’ll simply assume it’s proper.”

Eric Morschhauser: Yeah, that’s the story of various locations in China. I first went there in 2005 as Beijing was ramping up for the 2008 Olympics, and driving round Beijing to go from one airport to a lodge to a different airport and there have been simply cranes, tower cranes in every single place all throughout totally different elements of the town. They’re simply constructing, constructing, constructing. Hangzhou is comparatively new and so they obtained a whole lot of eggs there, a number of fossil eggs, 1000’s and 1000’s of fossils eggs, there are in Guangdong Province, and so there’s a whole lot of fossil egg localities close to there. So you may see Archaeoceratops in various locations round China, whether or not or not they’re labeled is a little bit of a unique story, however that’s the place most of it’s proper now.

A few of my different issues I feel maybe journey round a bit, the Diana Museum of Pure Historical past which is the place I did some work on that second specimen of mahjong, and will often have touring displays. So I noticed a bunch of a whole lot of their stuff in Montreal Canada in a tent which I used to be just a little bit distressed about, but it surely was all there.

Garret: It’s good.

Eric Morschhauser: However anyway, yeah so most of my stuff you would need to purchase a airplane ticket to China to go see.

Garret: Okay, I’m positive a few of it can make it over right here finally.

Eric Morschhauser: One among nowadays, finally.

Garret: Cool. Properly thanks a lot for taking the time to speak to me, that was an excellent dialogue.

Eric Morschhauser: Yeah, properly I respect it. You’ve obtained an excellent factor right here.